United Kingdom – Toxicological Overview of Sodium Hypochlorite and Incident Management Guidance

The UK Health Security Agency (UK HSA) has updated its toxicological overview of sodium hypochlorite, a common component in household bleach and disinfectants, detailing its health impacts and exposure risks. Acute exposure through ingestion, inhalation, or dermal/ocular contact can cause burns, respiratory distress, and eye irritation. When mixed with acids or ammonia, sodium hypochlorite produces chlorine or chloramine gases, leading to potentially severe respiratory effects including pulmonary oedema or ARDS. Chronic exposure may result in skin irritation, though sodium hypochlorite is not considered a skin sensitizer or reproductive toxin. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies it as a Group 3 carcinogen, indicating it is not classifiable regarding human carcinogenicity. UKHSA also cites limited evidence suggesting potential developmental impacts with high exposure. The guidance supports emergency responders, healthcare providers, and public health officials in managing chemical incidents involving sodium hypochlorite.